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- *** ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION ***
-
- To all to whom these Presents shall come, we the undersigned Delegates
- of the States affixed to our Names send greeting. Articles of
- Confederation and perpetual Union between the states of New Hampshire,
- Massachusetts-bay Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut,
- New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North
- Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
-
-
- I The Stile of this Confederacy shall be
- "The United States of America".
-
- II Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and
- independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is
- not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United
- States, in Congress assembled.
-
- III The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league
- of friendship with each other, for their common defense, the
- security of their liberties, and their mutual and general
- welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all
- force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on
- account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense
- whatever.
-
- IV The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and
- intercourse among the people of the different States in this
- Union, the free inhabitants of each of these States, paupers,
- vagabonds, and fugitives from justice excepted, shall be entitled
- to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several
- States; and the people of each State shall free ingress and
- regress to and from any other State, and shall enjoy therein all
- the privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the same duties,
- impositions, and restrictions as the inhabitants thereof
- respectively, provided that such restrictions shall not extend so
- far as to prevent the removal of property imported into any
- State, to any other State, of which the owner is an inhabitant;
- provided also that no imposition, duties or restriction shall be
- laid by any State, on the property of the United States, or
- either of them.
-
- If any person guilty of, or charged with, treason, felony, or
- other high misdemeanor in any State, shall flee from justice, and
- be found in any of the United States, he shall, upon demand of
- the Governor or executive power of the State from which he fled,
- be delivered up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of
- his offense.
-
- Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these States to
- the records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the courts and
- magistrates of every other State.
-
- V For the most complete management of the general interests of
- the United States, delegates shall be appointed in such manner as
- the legislatures of each State shall direct, to meet in Congress
- on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a
- powerreserved to each State to recall its delegates, or any of
- them, at any time within the year, and to send others in their
- stead for the remainder of the year.
-
- No State shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor
- more than seven members; and no person shall be capable of being
- a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years;
- nor shall any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any
- office under the United States, for which he, or another for his
- benefit, receives any salary, fees or emolument of any kind.
-
- Each State shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of the
- States, and while they act as members of the committee of the
- States.
-
- In determining questions in the United States in Congress
- assembled, each State shall have one vote. Freedom of speech and
- debate in Congress shall not be impeached or questioned in any
- court or place out of Congress, and the members of Congress shall
- be protected in their persons from arrests or imprisonments,
- during the time of their going to and from, and attendence on
- Congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace.
-
- VI No State without the consent of the United States in Congress
- assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy
- from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance or treaty
- with any King, Prince or State; nor shall any person holding any
- office of profit or trust under the United States, or any of
- them, accept any present, emolument, office or title of any kind
- whatever from any King, Prince or foreign State; nor shall the
- United States in Congress assembled, or any of them, grant any
- title of nobility. No two or more States shall enter into any
- treaty, confederation or alliance whatever between them, without
- the consent of the United States in Congress assembled,
- specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to be
- entered into, and how long it shall continue.
-
- No State shall lay any imposts or duties, which may interfere
- with any stipulations in treaties, entered into by the United
- States in Congress assembled, with any King, Prince or State, in
- pursuance of any treaties already proposed by Congress, to the
- courts of France and Spain.
-
- No vessel of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State,
- except such number only, as shall be deemed necessary by the
- United States in Congress assembled, for the defense of such
- State, or its people nor shall any body of forces be kept up by
- any State in time of peace, except such number only, as in the
- judgement of the United States in Congress assembled, to garrison
- the forts necessary for the defense of such State; but every
- State shall always keep up a well-regulated and disciplined
- militia, sufficiently armed and accoutered, and shall provide and
- constantly have ready for use, in public stores, a due number of
- field pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition
- and camp equipage.
-
- No State shall engage in any war without the consent of the
- United States in Congress assembled, unless such State be
- actually invaded or shall have received certain advice
- of a resolution being formed by some nation of Indians to invade
- such State, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of a
- delay till the United States in Congress assembled can be
- constituted; nor shall any State grant commissions to any ships or
- vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it be
- affirmed by the United States in Congress assembled, and then only
- against the Kingdom or State and the subjects thereof, against
- which war has been so declared, and under such regulations as
- shall be established by the United States in Congress assembled,
- unless such State be infested by pirates, in which case vessels of
- war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long as the
- danger shall continue, or until the United States in Congress
- assembled shall determine otherwise.
-
- VII When land forces are raised by any State for the common
- defense, all officers of or under the rank of colonel, shall be
- appointed by the legislature of each State respectively, by whom
- such forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such State
- shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the State
- which first made the appointment.
-
- VIII All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be
- incurred for the common defense or general welfare, and allowed
- by the United States in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out
- of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several
- States in proportion to the value of all land within each State,
- granted or surveyed for any person, as such land and the
- buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated according
- to such mode as the United States in Congress assembled, shall
- from time to time direct and appoint.
-
- The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by
- the authority at direction of the legislatures of the several
- States within the time agreed upon by the
-